We only belong because we think we do

What if the world was a big disappointment? What if the way the world we espied wasn't that predictable? The hopes and dreams created to fulfill the emptiness has shifted and molded the perceptions of mankind to think that there is an innate ability to exist with the alliance of others, such as, with people of the same gender,age,interests and most importantly culture. Anthropologists and psychologists propose that Homo Sapiens are not born a self, rather the self is weakened by the surroundings the person is exposed to, known as the ‘significant other'.The significant other refers to ‘nuclear family, in other words the family you were born into that consists of- in most cases – a mother, a father and sibling(s). Thus, external sources have an impact as well, for instance, the ‘modern self. The modern self incorporates ideas such as language, thoughts and status that will cause the ‘self to be ranked. Further elaborating the so called ‘modern self groups those around them into a hierarchy of the cultivated all the way through to the not so cultivates – savage.Whether evolution occurred or not of apes transforming into humans, and whether e agree with it or not, many significant comparisons can't be obtained from that theory. A significant concept of the human race regarding skin color can be directed to Edward Thorniness theory of trial and error'. What does this theory suggest? Repeated errors continue until success if reached. Error, mutation in the human body repeatedly occurred during the past couple of billion years until ‘success' was finally reached; the current human body.Yes very debatable, but we can simply take this teary and implement it into our lives. Failure, what does it mean? Most of the time titer depressing, right? However, if failure is viewed from the same angle it was viewed during the study of evolution, it can be life changing. Failure led to success. Which means, technically there is not hing wrong with failing, if you invested a sufficient amount of effort. Sander's failure to be classified as White' rather than ‘colored' was a similar effect of trial and error theory. The back and forth classification of Sander's ‘label' is a motive of failure.People such as Sandra that Todd up against the law leaded the failure to success' in the time now. Through the hardships and discrimination that they faced helped those people in knows society to be respected and to be seen that they are Just the same as White' people despite the being a different color. The two unlike ideas of the White' and ‘colored' society uniting failed, however, Sandra found it less complicated and easier to conform to the black society than the white race, regardless of the disadvantages she had to face throughout time.Sander's trial was the contrast between the white and black society. The error was being born with the genes she inherited from both white parents that carried black a ncestry, which resulted in Sandra paying a price for it; rather then her parents. For many thousands of years the notion of belonging to somewhere or something was and still is a significant issue. The apartheid era in South Africa began in 1652, with the settlement of Jan Van Rebecca.The natives were criticized for their language, which was mockingly referred as ‘Hottentots', also they were describes to be the lowest of the low[that they adapted] a missing link between humans and pees'. This prejudging of natives exhibited, that the black natives of the country was a class whose weakness was inborn. When the foreigners arrived and observed the native black people they made a Judgment on their behavior that throughout their daily lives of working they were slow people that lacked energy therefore the foreigners concluded that their weakness was inborn.Accepting the native blacks for the Dutch foreigners was a hard limit, because they viewed that blacks low and themselves super ior. Becoming a part of a community that suffered with black and white skin color controversy meant a threat was adhered upon the individuals security, safety and shelter also incorporating that these factors are mentioned in Measles Hierarchy of Needs as the most important obligations for ones survival.As the artificial barriers were removed between socioeconomic classes, society was encouraged to build biological barriers, which allowed status to be ruled by DNA. The most obvious roles of skin is the social label it has on the individual. Skin pigment is inherited from our genetic makeup, but those with the wrong genes are placed in an environment where it is nearly impossible to escape from; known as the apartheid era.In most cases it is seen that ‘people with dark skins are, in most places, less successful, less healthy and – perhaps – less contented than those with light. Simply this statement was extracted from â€Å"In the Blood – God, Genes, Desti ny' by Steven Jones who stated the general public that thought this way. Thus, stating the obvious the black people are the ones who brought freedom' into today's society. Significant figures such as Muhammad All, Michael Jordan, Malcolm X, Nelson Mandela andSusan Bolt have made the apartheid issue a national problem and brought it to the realization of other people to declare freedom. Belong to a group is a vital need to every individual. However, belonging doesn't come with ease, it takes trial and error to succeed and keeping an open mind to changes. Throughout history it is evident to conclude that keeping an open mind and acceptance towards others around us will bring success and comfort. Thus, if we don't learn from the past there will still be controversy and superiority amount groups due to unethical matters.

Agrarian Reform Issues

Answer the following questions after reading the document about poverty, all reports of each group/individual and the discussions we had in the classroom. Limit your answer to seven to ten substantive sentences only fully cited by related reviews and studies that you will use in the critique/answer. Plagiarized statements and notations shall be considered as invalid and the document will be equivalent to zero. Type your answer on this questionnaire. 1. Discuss how issues and problems are dealt with in social planning and social policy writing based from the framework below Fig. Schematic framework showing the interrelatedness of social institutions, and social structures. Social Structures Social Institutions -Society is defined by the interconnection of units that creates larger scale system relations in the society. Emile Durkheim’s sociological theory which is Structural Functionalism would perfectly represent the schematic framework. According to him, structural functional ism is when societies tend to be divided but is held together by shared values, common symbols or systems of exchanges, which creates stability. Small factors in the structure would eventually affect the higher strata of the society, there is interdependence among us, society is a network of statuses connected by associated roles (Leung, Richardson). The formulation of social policies is based on the needs of the status quo, it is deeply associated by the present condition of the society. In the paper of Subedi entitled ‘Structural Functional Perspective in Sociology’ discussed the consensus and conflict perspective wherein due to conflict â€Å"society cannot operate for any length of time on the basis of force. Society is held together by the consensus of its members†. It simply describes society as a perpetually changing structure which needs continuous planning and execution of social programs to keep up with the progressing evolution of humanity. Social planning and policy making is the analysis of the things that a social system needs in order to survive. One of the objectives of this is to maintain the stability of pattern, facilitates the society in resolving social problems, and integrating dependent units in achieving unity (Subedi, 2010). 2. Discuss landlessness as a social problem. Please highlight its impact on farmers and society as a whole. -Landlessness is a manifestation of poverty wherein a person is deprived on the possession of land as an opportunity for growth or development. Unequal distribution of land is the root cause of the landlessness of the farmers, this could be traced in the Spanish colonization wherein the encomienda system were put into practice wherein the landowners would hire farmers to till their land and most of the revenues that will be generated will be on the hands of the landowners which is apparently unfair. Landlessness is a significant social problem because it would worsen other social problems that are already present. Take Uganda for example, a study that was conducted by Alinyo and Leahy (2007) entitled ‘the Impact of Landlessness on Sustainable Agricultural Initiatives; Benet Sub County, Kapchorwa, Uganda’, wherein the study discusses that the issues of landlessness are cause by the following: Rapid population growth, lack of ownership rights, inadequate extension services. The effects would be: Low crop yields, low household incomes, hunger that would totally result into rural poverty. The case of Uganda is not different to the situation of the Philippines with regards to landlessness, landlessness of the farmers has been an issue since then, a clear example representing this problem is the case of Hacienda Luisita wherein the problem has not yet been resolve because it is often disregarded to be the focal point of concern in the Philippine government. Landlessness are equivalent to the unequal distribution of access to opportunities and wealth, this has been the outcome of the Philippines choices of development trategies, policies and investment regime, and national and local institutions governing economic transactions, including land relations (Balisacan 2003, 2007). The impact of landlessness in the society as a whole would lead into social unrest among the people that is affected by this issue and thus lead into various deviances and protest that would disturb the present society. 3. What are the issues behind the Agrarian Reform Program on why the problem about landlessness? Is it about the law itself or how it is implemented? Examples that will be presented in this paper would come from the paper of Antonio Ledesma (1982) entitled ‘Landless Workers and Rice Farmers: Peasant Subclasses Under Agrarian Reform in Two Philippine Villages’. Of these issues behind the Agrarian reform includes the security concerns of landless farmer, owner-cultivatorship and permanent lessees. One of the main objectives of Agrarian refom program is the creation of an independent peasant class of owner-cultivators whose claim to ownership are based precisely on being the tillers of the soil. But in some barangays, landless workers spend more hours in actual rice farming operations than the agrarian refom beneficiaries. Another issue is the stagnant development of the tenant farmers that is stuck on being a tenant rather than owning a piece of land. Base on the findings on the paper of Ledesma Agrarian Reform itself has a good aim on the development of the farmers, however, the implementation of such program seems to fail since the situation of the past seems to never change. In conclusion, the planning is good but the execution of programs must be put into consideration. 4. Write a social policy about how problem on landlessness can be resolved? Take not of the introduction, provisions, time frame, how it will be implemented and the monitoring scheme, – This act is prepared in order to promulgate the rights of landless farmers and to recognize the sector as one of the most important contributors in the Philippine economy. With this social policy they would given a period of training development to maximize their skills as a contributor of the Philippine economy and a sector that has a paramount importance since they provide food for the Philippine population. The time frame for this social policy would require a 10 year period. Policies that will be included is the educational grants of the farmers wherein they must undergo training like irrigation, usage of advance equipments, modern seeds and scientific ways of propagating plants. The government must provide a wide scheme of budget for this policy because capital should be provided for institutional and attitudinal change of the people in the sector. The role of various institutions like the UP Los Banos, DOST will be stressed since the development of research for modern and improve seeds and planting materials will be focus upon to benefit for the farmers. The establishments of cooperative agricultures will be form for larger productivity and shared profits among farmers. There should also be a series of extension services at the time frame wherein agriculturists will visit areas ,particularly areas where rice production is prevalent , to train and advice farmers on advance farming methods. Establishment of farm infrastructures should also be implemented and lastly farmers will be given other sources of income and livelihood. The root policy for this action is the allocation of a larger budget for agriculture.

Buddhism and Monkey Clan

A Number of magic arts 5. Why does Tripitaka need to control Monkey? Monkey needs to learn patients and control his temper 6. Why does the Bodhisattva stop Monkey from destroying the wizard? To teach him how to control his temper. 7. What does Monkey find out about the city Cart Slow? For twenty years had been ruled by three Taoists who could procure rain during times of drought. Their names were Tiger, Deer, and Sheep. 8. In what way are Monkey and Pigsys characters different before they meet Buddha while on the journey? Monkey Is increasingly bound to both his master and the journey without ever losing his energy and humor. Pigsy on the other hand, thought the journey, is always distracted by his desire of sex and food. 9. How is Sandy different to Monkey and Pigsy? Sandy is the water monster and expelled from Heaven after his interference caused Heavens Jade Emperors precious jade cup to be broken so by going on the journey he can be forgiven for his sin. 10. In what way is Tripitaka not necessarily the leader of the group? On the journey Tripitaka is easily frightened, and never knows what to do. He is the empty center of the group kept alive and carried forward by his more powerful and active disciples. 11. How do the characters change when they reach Buddha? They get new names. 12. How does the turtle cause the characters problems at the end of the story? The turtle gets angry, however, as Tripitaka hasn’t kept a promise he had made and drops them in the water 13. What are the characters new names? Tripitaka and Monkey are made into Buddhas, Pigsy is named the Keeper of the Holy Temple, Sandy becomes the Golden-Bodied Soldier 14. Why does Buddha not give Pigsy the title of Buddha? He is not trustworthy 15. What role does religion play in the text, especially Buddhism? What is the author trying to accomplish in terms of religion? : Buddhism was the religion of China during this period and the story has a strong religious message. If we listen to what the gods tell us, we will not be harmed and we will find salvation. The idea of a journey towards enlightenment was central to Chinese beliefs, and pilgrimages were common. 16. What do you think is the purpose of the journey the characters take? To help tripitaka retrieve the scriptures and take them back to china. Also while each character learn many lessons about their behavior. 17. Summarize the book in your own words. This is a story of a priest’s journey to India to collect the Scriptures and take them back to China. He is accompanied by three pilgrims and they face great adversity on the way. It is overflowing with magic, demons, gods, immortals, action and adventure.

Fast Food Meals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Fast Food Meals - Essay Example The combination of different sausages is used to make a meal tastier than that of ordinary food cooked at home. It is not only the quick service but also the lusciousness of meal which attracts people towards fast food restaurants. Fast-food is not only delicious to eat but also it is cheaper to buy as compared to the food which is cooked at home. It is a noticeable fact that most of the fast-food lovers are children and teenagers. And they have made fast-food a basic and the most important entity of daily life.While talking about benefits of fast food restaurants, we should not forget that eating too much fast food doesn’t have a good effect on health as it causes many health problems including hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance, and corpulence. It should also be kept in mind that eating too many fast-food increases the level of fats in the body while reduces the number of required vitamins for the body. Fast-foods have a high level of energy density which is harmful to health as it confuses the brain control mechanism for appetite. Fast-food restaurants add too much salt in products in order to make them tastier but it results in high blood pressure and certain heart diseases. Vitamins are also lacked in fast-food as it doesn’t contain fruits or vegetables which are the primary source of vitamins for humans. Another effect is that due to the good taste of fast-food products, it is eaten much more than that of any normal food cooked at home which results in obesity.

Trust and Household Finance Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Trust and Household Finance - Term Paper Example Research has it that the enhancing of individual trust to the right amount can improve the well-being of household finance. 1.0 Introduction Recent statistics have brought it to light that more than a third of the American adults who are approaching their 50’s have no retirement plan. They have also shown that more than half of the households in the country do not own any stock. It is very important to know the determinants of decisions in household finance. This is essential in the management of debt. This paper shows that trust is a major factor that affects the management of household finance. Trust is the fundamental confidence that is found in an individual towards others in return for something that was promised. A casual impact on trust is inflicted by an individual’s cultural background and early life experiences on the value of the trust. A trusting individual is many times more likely to put up investment in the financial markets in the belief that they will o btain a fair return on investment, and this encourages the individual to invest. Trust should thus promote investments. Trust also promotes responsible borrowing since when an individual is trusting then he or she is also taken to be trustworthy. Trusting individuals are thus expected to make more real and financial investments, they are also expected to comply with the financial contracts that they enter and avoid on taking excess debts. Because of this, an individual will save more and have better management of debt and their net worth will increase. Negative financial outcomes can greatly affect an individual’s level of trust. Trust has dynamic dimensions that arise from cultural influences and experiences in life. The extent, to which an individual trusts another, embodies in the core values that are inherited from family, religion, cultural and ethnic backgrounds, and are influenced by the individual’s life experiences and the characteristics of the community memb ers whom the individual interacts with in life. This are called the non-economic factors of trust. Prior literature has had it that these non-economic aspects of trust play major roles in financial decision making, in households. 2.0 Motivation and Hypotheses 2.1 Trust and Economic and Financial Decisions: Individual Level Evidence Research has shown that trust has appositive effect on the aggregate political and economic phenomena. It has shown that a higher level of trust in a region or nation is correlated with more economic investments and growth, less corruption and higher tax compliance among many other issues. Few studies have been carried out on the effect that trust has on the outcomes of the economy at the individual level (Jiang & Lim 1). Though these studies show that trust has a positive effect on the monetary and economic well-being of an individual, they fail to offer a comprehensive analysis of the effect that trust has on household finance. None of these studies ana lyzes the effect of trust on debt management (Jiang & Lim 8). 2.2 Hypothesis Development Trust is very likely to play a role in economic activities where transactions take place over a given period and an individual need to rely on the future and the observable actions of other people, such as their saving and investment decisions (Jiang & Lim 2012). Prior studies have shown that individuals who have the aspect of trust participate more in the

Should fighting be banned from hockey Explain your reasoning Essay

Should fighting be banned from hockey Explain your reasoning - Essay Example Recently NHL has been banning fights, but as said earlier, the fights remain to be a main attraction in hockey games. While the NHL does not necessarily approve of the violence in the game, there are some unwritten rules in hockey and most of them have something to do with fighting. On the other side of the coin there are also written rules when playing hockey, and some of it are (McNaughton 1): 1) not being the third man in; 2) not leaving the bench to join the fight and 3) dropping of gloves and stick if someone intends to enter into an altercation. There are definitely penalties for getting into fights like being ejected or suspended; and all players must adhere to the rules or they are subjected to additional penalties which are generally known as misconducts. Another article claims that hockey fighting should not be banned in the game because hockey is a physical sport and things are expected to get rough now and again. But nobody likes to see a player get seriously hurt during or after a brawl (Ruth 1). Revising the rule calls for imposing correct restrictions that if a player gets out of line or intentionally hurts another player, then â€Å"he must be put in his proper place.† John Buccigross says he finds it hard to believe that hockey fans merely go to the games and watch it because of the expected fights, which if they do happen is usually short lived (1). He goes on to suggest that to avoid head and face injuries, hockey players should wear full facial protective gears. Buccigross also pointed out that enforcers within the games are needed to protect the star players who play in order to win the game. He likewise states that even if the NHL bans fighting in the games, there would still be fights due to the tensions and expectation of the players. Rick Sadowski of Rocky Mountain News similarly commented that there will always be fighting in hockey games even if the league officials impose sanctions like automatic

Film Analysis Paper-Sunrise(1927) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Film Analysis Paper-Sunrise(1927) - Essay Example Sunrise successfully utilized mise en scà ¨ne to contrast the fast paced city lifestyle vs. cozy country lifestyle, as well as the different characteristics of the actors, to show that true love is the only way to help the man get out of evil seduction. The settings were a mix of real locations and artificial sets. Either way, they provided a perfect background to the scenes. John Bailey, the movie’s cinematographer, explained that the marsh was a studio set, the train in the first scene was a model made to look large in the foreground, the extras were real people and the projected city was from a matte drawing (Ebert: para 12 & 13). The rest of the settings were real. In most cases, the final product was manipulated with camera tricks, creating an imagery of dreaminess. For example, there were scenes where superimposed, ghost-like images were added. One scene showed the man being surrounded by the image of the woman from the city, but she was not physically present. Another scene showed exciting activities in the city with dancers and musicians providing the promised fun, but these images seemed to merely float in a void. Bailey explains that such images were borne out of creative camera use. The camera men used the advance d trick of that time of masking and exposing, controlling the lens and counting the individual frames where they would apply the trick. The finished product was clean without any hint of roughness. It is impressive that all these were done several decades ago when digital technology was not yet in existence, so talent and creativity played major roles in the genius of film makers then. In the city setting, several long shots were taken to shoot the scenes. This was to capture all the action that goes on in one frame. This strategy saved the time and effort to show how busy everyone was in the city, so viewers can get a feel of the

Increasing investment attractiveness of CIS countries Research Paper

Increasing investment attractiveness of CIS countries - Research Paper Example As compared to the Baltic and Eastern European nations, the CIS countries experience serious economic crisis and gradual growth in restructuring the productive framework in the respective countries; resulting in the need for increased investments (Shiellis, 2003). The significance of the investments can extend to close the investment gap because of insufficient savings. The external factors that are increased investments include the transfer of managerial skills, technology, processing of information, and a proficient knowledge of sales and marketing.The dissolution of central planning created a market of 100 million consumers in Eastern Europe and 300 million in the successor countries to the USSR. Phyllis says that among the CIS, Russia is having the highest population and several states advocated to embrace the policy of free trade, which permitted imported commodities to meet the local demand. As a result, the imported commodities become wide during the first years of change as t he people used their savings in buying the western goods and services. Due to the economic crisis and escalating inflation rate immediately after the transition, there was a significant decrease in the savings and lowered incomes resulting in the inability for the local consumers to purchase the western products. On the contrary, foreign investors in Eastern Europe privatized the firms from the government and already began to restructure the industries with the objective of increasing the local production.

Group Business Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Group Business Case Study - Essay Example The school website together with email is potent in engaging the parents in school matters, and empowers the families towards the Islamic studies at their homes. The KMRA website does not contain detailed information for educational issues, choice of teachers, and class timings. Some contents of school for education are focused on the static information such as school rules, curriculum information, school prospectus, mission and vision of organization, contact details and key dates. The core tool used for KMRA website cannot support the large number of customers’ data storage. HTML, CSS provide the development of front user interface and JavaScript supports the functionality. The current website of KMRA on education gives a little information about only courses, and timing. Online admission for students is also lacking in the current website. Once, students or parents are contacted they are told about the admission procedure via telephone for children about Islamic education. In this way, time and money are wasted because it takes enough time to tell them about the system. Once the student is enrolled, the information history is not saved in the system and administration of the school handles manually the record. Fees structure is not displayed about courses, and parents face serious issues about enquiring the dues of courses. No reliable payment module for parents and salary of teachers is embedded in the current website. Overall, the architecture for the current website of KMRA needs extra capabilities to get the required results. From above findings about the current computer based system of KMRA, administration, parents, teachers, and students face the serious issues about the education. Parents are not satisfied due to insufficient resources of communication for their children to learn from the teaching staff of KMRA. Parents go to bank for paying the fees of their children. It wastes time and money of parents. This is a big disadvantage of the syst em and parents search other sites for teaching their children. Permanent users/clients are the new one for the administration of KMRA because no history of existing parents and their children is saved. When parents ask for the availability of teachers, but teachers are not available at that time. The KMRA information system must have information about the caller and contact later when teachers are available. This functionality is also lacking in the system. All above-mentioned issues about KMRA’s education for children need the solution. Information systems have become the significant source of learning and research related activities. Building a reliable information system requires the use of advanced technology as the architecture for the information system. Architecture for the information system is expressed in the different ways. Management information system of an education institute is built in a meaningful way for performing the required functions. Management of KMRA information system receives information from external as well as internal sources. Architecture of the KMRA information system can be used for information interchange via the interfaces. Third way of expressing the architecture of KMRA information system is the use of layers. The conceptual model of layers uses the information technology for data processing through the latest technology. Infrastructure will provide the essential support for

Citizen Kane ,the mise-en-scene and cinematography Essay

Citizen Kane ,the mise-en-scene and cinematography - Essay Example It is an anomaly though, that, though the film was nominated for 9 Oscar categories, it only won in one. (Jackson & Merlock, 2006) The only plausible rationale for this discrepancy between its legendary status and lack of formal recognition by the Academy is that the film was way ahead of its time. The film pioneered and engendered so many facets of the filmmaking process that it took several years for members of the Academy to warm up to its accomplishments. This essay will focus on the cinematography of the film and highlight how it contributes to and enhances the overall cinematic excellence. The opening sequence of the film shows the funeral of the iconic American media baron Charles Foster Kane in his isolated residence in the monumental Xanadu. What follows is a10 minute obituary in the form of a newsreel that encompasses all the key moments in the life of the great man. Beginning with his childhood in the rural American wilderness, the newsreel traces how much wealth and power Kane was able to acquire during his peak. This newsreel sequence is one of the most original and brilliant in the history of cinema. The serious yet authoritative voice of the newsreel narrator ebb and flow in-tune with the events of Charles Kane’s life. The intonation, irony and subtle humour of this voiceover is executed to perfection. Matching this aural perfection is the visuals, which are some of the best montages ever assembled. The pace of the montage arrangement is brisk and the shots are short and crisp. The sequencing of these shots adheres to a musical rhythm, which is again in tune with the rhythmic oration in the voiceover. What is striking about this montage is its visual display of power – either political or economic. The shots of elephants and horses airlifted to the private zoo in Xanadu are forever etched in the mind. It is difficult to lose the symbolism of power in air-lifting one of the biggest mammals in the planet. Likewise, the bird’s e ye view of the sprawling Xanadu is a visual illustration of Kane’s wealth. When the voiceover narrates how politically influential Kane was, his image is embedded into a standard German propaganda shot of Hitler waving to a crowd. This is one of the earlier implementation of morphing and overlapping two discrete visuals into one shot. In the context of the film, not only was it humorous but also serves to illustrate the kind of political influence that Charles Kane wielded in his pomp. One of the most referenced scenes in the movie, illustrating Welles' and cinematographer Gregg Toland's use of deep-focus photography is the one about the childhood of young Charles Foster Kane. So much has been its impact that, â€Å"After Citizen Kane Deep focus photography became widespread, especially in the so-called film noir films of the following decade. Welles' audaciously effective idea of combining miniatures with full scale settings in sweeping camera moves harkens back to 1930's T he Bat Whispers, photographed by Ray June, ASC for Roland West. The Kane visuals also have much in common with those of Mad Love (1935). It is evident that Toland originated some of the ideas that Welles utilized so perfectly, and that Walker and Dunn also influenced Welles. The collaboration of unit art director Perry Ferguson was even stronger than is usual between director, cinematographer and designer. Ferguson worked closely throughout with Welles in

Pax Romana Essay Example for Free

Pax Romana Essay The lands arounf the Mediterranean Sea and most of the land in the Northwest Europe consists the Roman Empire. The life of Romans was very comfortable. There was indeed a beautiful way of living life. They have water and sewage system which enables them to have clean water. They have theaters and they also have public baths. The people who are wealthy lives in villas or mansions or big houses and they can afford to have a central heating system in their house. Roman Empires greatest part was the Pax Romana which is also called as Pax Augustea. It happened around 27 B. C. after the several Republican Civil Wars and it ended in 180 A. D. In english, Pax Romana means Roman Peace wherein it was a period in the Roman Empire where it refers to the empire in its height of success. Aside from reaching the height of success and glory, the Pax Romana Era which is also called as Pax Augustea was also a time of civil order in the empire. Although there are still foreign wars and rebellions are still on going, the interior or the main empire was free from being invaded. This era was a time of peace and order in the empire. The Roman Legal System was used to attain peace and order in the provinces. At the same time, arts and architecture flourished althroughout the land and there was indeed a stable and well economy. This was the time that Greek and Roman culture was known in the whole empire thus, the flourishing of several aspects of the Roman culture was developed and was known by every people. There were several developments during this Era. Rome turned in an empire and an emperor rules over the whole land. The emperor hired full time workers who will carry out his policies and at this time, government in the province was improved because of the legal system. They follow the same law which made the whole empire organized and this kind of law is what was used by wertern societies in present. The concept of Pax Romana is far different from the peace we have in our contemporary society. The contemporary Society or the Modern Society viewed peace perhaps as a period of rest and absence of conflicts or problems in life. At the same time, the modern world looks at peace as a sign of freedom and escape from worldly things and ideas while Pax Romana was a time of success, absence of war in the main empire and developments. The use of peace in Pax Romana is quite misleading because it did not really mean peace but rather development. Pax Romana was characterized by great Romanization and development of the empire and not by the absence of war and silence. In the contemporary society, peace would mean of relaxation and absence of conflicts.

Service Delivery Essay Example for Free

Service Delivery Essay The goals of this paper are to research; diagram service delivery processes, and then describe how the process would be effective in the given situation. A research and define service delivery processes in different disciplines or areas to capture the best processes. A service culture will be defined and a description will be given as to why it is important. A description will also be given as to why service employees are critical to the success of delivery in any service organization. Using the writer on personal examples, the writer will discuss the general importance of customers in the successful creation and delivery of service experiences. Last, an internet search will be done to locate three services that the writer is interesting in exploring. The service will be described and outline the advantages and disadvantages of purchasing these services via e-commerce as opposed to the traditional market. The implications that purchasing online has for the service culture and customer experience will be given. Service Culture Organizations have different culture and service culture is one thing that has a major impact on customers and their decision. Service culture consists of many components with each impacting customers and helping to establish the success or failure of customer service proposals (Lucas, 2008). Organizations sometimes over-promise and under-deliver due to their cultural and internal systems and do not have the ability to support customer service proposals (Lucas, 2008). For example, assume that the management of an organization has their marketing department develop a slick piece of literature describing all the benefits of a new product or service provided by a new corporate partner organization† (Lucas, 2008, p. 1). A special 800 number is then launched for responses but the company is unsuccessful when it comes to hiring extra staff or sufficiently trained current employees to handle the customer calls. The venture is prone to be unsuccessful. A service culture allows the business to accomplish key business goals, solve vital problems and increase capabilities to aim at future prospects. Customers also have an important role in the success of a business. A business cannot be successful unless there are customers. Several work fields requires customer input for service creation such as or haircuts, annual exam, and full service restaurant. The clients input customize a standard service. The provision of the service requires the customer purchase. Customer input (information material) is necessary for an adequate outcome, but the service firm provides the service. Jobs where customer presence is required during service delivery are airline travel, motel stay, and fast-food restaurant. Customers play a variety of roles in the service experience. Some of those roles are productive resource, contributor to quality, satisfaction and value; and as competitor to the service organization. Customer as a productive resource for example, in contributing information and effort in the diagnoses of their ailments, patients of a healthcare organization are part of the service production process. If they provide accurate information in a timely fashion, physicians will be more efficient and accurate in their diagnoses. Thus, the quality of the information patients provide can ultimately affect the quality of the outcome. Furthermore, in most cases, if patients follow their physician’s advice, they will be less likely to return for follow-up treatment, further increasing the healthcare organization’s productivity. (Bitner, Faranda, Hubbert, Zeithaml, 1997, p. 3) E-Business In today’s economic marketplace, E-business has transformed the way that businesses functions. Businesses have the ability to grow and expand beyond their local market because of the technological advances of the past few decades. So that small businesses can increase their sales and profits, the Internet now allows small businesses to reach national or global consumers with their products and services. However, some disadvantages come along with these advantages such as creating higher levels of economic challenges not formerly seen. (Vitez, 2013) E-business has one big advantage, which is the low startup costs needed to begin business operations. Once small companies have increased their working capital after starting their company via the Internet they expand into traditional brick and mortar stores. Companies may choose to simply expand their Internet footprint rather than creating a physical storefront, depending on their business success. Businesses need a computer, website hosting service, and Internet connection as the main operating equipment, which makes internet storefront relatively cheap. (Vitez, 2013) E-business has two major disadvantages and they are the increased levels of competition and the difficulty of creating positive goodwill through a website and computer. Sellers must find a competitive advantage over more competitors than usual, because individuals and traditional businesses may enter the e-business marketplace. Customers generally place high value on customer service in the brick and mortar business environment. E-businesses generally have a hard time trying to creating the same type of positive customer service, bear in mind that their customers may be miles away from the e-business’s operations. Since impersonal email is a common form of communication in e-business customers may have a problem understanding mistakes or errors. (Vitez, 2013) Car insurance has begun mandatory in today society and getting the best price is necessary. There is something missing even though anyone can find and obtain car insurance quotes online or even find a life quote. When doing the quote online the person will be missing the personal and professional experience of someone behind the desk that is hope to be acting in his or her best interest. To completely remove the critical thinking part of it rather than relying on a possible expert in the field (if not an expert someone that does it daily) they depend on a website to ask certain questions. More coverage for less money maybe there are riders or slight tweaks on the policy that may be provided. Legal Service Legal service is needed in any businesses. Legal services can be obtain either online or the traditional method. There are pros and cons to online services as well as the traditional method. There are as follows: * No driving. Simply jump online and you are there * No waiting. Your services are all available for you once you register. Just find and click. * Licensed Attorney provided legal advice. You dont just purchase the legal product, you get the service to go with it. Superior service. Maybe you do have to get your own coffee, but you have the option of getting it whenever and wherever you want * Save money. Less overhead, and more focused legal services means you save money over a traditional law firm. * Your data and information are protected by bank grade encryption when you enter the protected and secure area. * Secure and private communications. Not even the secretary has any idea why you need the services. (Inlawcenter, 2013, p. 1) Conclusion A business involves many different things in order to make it successful. The service delivery process is different in every company but necessary for a company progress. This paper has defined service culture and described why it is important. A description of why service employees are critical to the success of delivery in any service organization was given. Examples of how customers play a role in the successful creation and delivery of service experiences. Final a search was done and three services where describe and the advantages and disadvantages of purchasing them online versus traditional was given.

Richard Branson Management Analysis

Richard Branson Management Analysis Virgin is a company established in 1970 by Richard Branson as a mail order company for sale of records. The company name Virgin was suggested by an associate of Mr Branson and was adopted as proclaiming their commercial innocence, while possessing some novelty and modest shock-value (Grant, 2010:808). Over the years, the company has grown rapidly and became a leading branded venture which diversified into other businesses. Today, Virgin is widely recognised and has become one of the most respected brands owing to successfully grown businesses in areas such as the airline industry, telecom, financial services, music etc. So far, the company has more than 200 individual companies or ventures which are owned and controlled by 20 holding companies that operate under one umbrella Virgin. Most of these companies own assets, employ people, offer goods and services (Grant, 2010:816). Even though all Virgin companies and ventures are separate entities, each is empowered to run its own affair s. They share common resources and capabilities that link them. Grant (2010) noted that the principal commonalities between this diverse range of enterprises are, the Virgin brand, and the role of Richard Branson as their instigator and major investor which is discussed below. Resources and capabilities defined by Grant (2010) are productive assets owned by a company and what the company can do. Resources are not productive in themselves they need to be converted into capabilities by being managed and co-ordinated (openlearn.open.ac.uk). For a company to gain competitive advantage, the company requires to focus on key strengths in resources and capabilities and ensure both work together instead of in isolation. In the case of the Virgin Group, one major resource is its founder Branson, who founded the company in 1970. His strong leadership is vital to developing new capabilities for Virgin. As noted by Grant (2010), his strength as a businessman was in conceiving and implementing new business ideas. Richard Branson is not only the founder, he is also an instigator and major investor in the company. His enthusiasm and devotion for business led him to establish a series of other Virgin companies such as Virgin Records, Virgin Airline, Virgin Rail, Virgin C ola etc. He is famous worldwide, his leadership of the Virgin Group extended beyond his role as a source of entrepreneurial ideas. As creator of Virgin and its unique corporate culture, and the primary promoter of its image and entrepreneurial spirit, Branson was synonymous with Virgin (Grant, 2010:814). He does not believe in corporate culture and bureaucracy, he prefers to do things differently by transition from rule Britainnia to cool Britainnia. Informality and disrespect for convention were central to Bransons way of business (Grant, 2010:814). Over the years, Branson has become more of strategic and charismatic leader of the Virgin Group instead of mere hand-on manager and his business vision has been a driving force for the success of Virgin. Another link is the Virgin Brand. Brand names and other trademarks are a form of reputational asset, their value is in the confidence they instill in customers (Grant, 2010:128). Grant (2010), described it as the Virgin groups most valuable asset. He noted that the values and characteristics that the Virgin brand communicated are inseparable from Branson the entrepreneur. The Virgin brand was also identified with innovation and unconventional strategies and marketing that characterised most Virgin start-ups (Grant, 2010:813). With the brand, the group was able to create other companies representing quality of services and value for money. It enabled them to create a range of products and services over other markets. Even though a brand name is an intangible asset, the value to organisational growth and competitive advantage sometimes can be immeasurable. The success of a firm to build a strong consumer brands have a powerful incentive to diversify which the Virgin group have succeede d in doing (Grant, 2010:130). The Virgin brand allowed the group to diversify to unlikely business areas in countries around the world like the US, Australia, Singapore, Japan, Hong Kong etc. The success of Virgin can also be traced to its organisational structure and culture. Organisational culture as identified by Jay Barney and cited by Grant (2010) is a firm resources of great strategic importance that is potentially very valuable which relates to its values, traditions and social norms. Virgins ability to operate effectively with so little formal structure or management systems owes much to the groups organisational culture as defined by Bransons own values and management style (Grant, 2010:818). He draws inspirations from the ideas of others and encouraged submission of new business ideas to its corporate offices. Employees are encouraged to develop business ideas for new businesses. Grant (2010) pointed out that the idea of Virgin Bride was actually from a Virgin Atlantic employee appalled of products and services offered by bridal stores in the UK. Employees have stakes in the group and strive to make the company succeed, allowing them to manage and control the co mpany and also to enjoy the benefits of their success. In 1993, Branson summed up Virgins relationship with employees as staff first, then customers and shareholders. Virgins capability is in using employees competence and commitments in achieving organisational goals which can only happen where there is an open workplace structure and culture. Virgin has done well in the establishment and management of new businesses over the years, but some of its businesses are no longer what they used to be considering the current the world economic downturn. Virgin must look inward and see some of its ventures that are no longer economically viable and consider divestment. A few of them should be considered like Virgin airline, Virgin money, Virgin cola etc. Virgin dominated the airline industry due to its management style and offering customers value for money, but this came at a price. The airline industry is capital intensive. As a matter of fact, in 1992 Branson sold his most profitable and successful business, Virgin Music for  £560 million to fund Virgin Atlantic (Grant 2010:809). Even though the airline still makes profit but it is not as profitable as it used to a decade ago. People no longer travel as much, and competition in the entire travel industry is rife. Nowadays, airlines are always trying to win customers over by of fering low prices and unique packages, compounded with substitutes to air travel etc. There are other factors affecting the profitability of air travel such as government regulations and deregulations, high jet fuel price, taxes etc. Considering all these, it will be best for Branson and the Virgin group to divest Virgin Airline. Branson is always known as trying to stick it the big boys, but his involvement in financial activities seems to be a business that should be left to the big boys by divesting and concentrating on other areas. Customers will prefer products and services from institutions with a long history and good track record such as banks and other financial institutions. With more established players in the field, his involvement is a little tricky. Virgin is not a bank and does not have all the infrastructures to ensure full banking activities, and as a result its effort to bid for 318 RBS branches in England and Wales failed, and was ran over by Spanish banking giant Santander, a clear indication for Virgin to divest Virgin money. Virgin cola, another of Richard Bransons effort to stick it to the big boys should also consider divestment. It is a known fact that brands fail when they move into unknown territories. Even though, Virgin cola might be cheaper than the likes of Coca-Cola and Pepsi, these are two giant coke makers known worldwide. It will be hard, if not impossible for Virgin Cola to make an impact competitively in the world market. Coke and Pepsi take competition seriously and will not fold arms while Virgin Cola try to unseat them. It is believed that strong brands exploit competitors weaknesses. Though Virgin is a strong brand, but its Virgin Cola is not a strong brand when compared to Coca-Cola and Pepsi. By 1997, Virgin Cola was losing  £5 million on revenues of  £30 million (Grant, 2010:813). Still trying to take on the big boys will come at a detrimental costs to Virgin. So, it will be wise to also divest Virgin Cola. As a result of diversification, a firm can expand its range of products and services and sell to existing customers or create new markets in different parts of the world thereby increasing value and growth. Grant (2010), described it as risk reduction strategy that enables shareholders spread risks. He noted that the focus of diversification analysis has been to identify the circumstances in which multi-business activity can create value (Grant, 2010:406). To determine if diversification will create shareholder value, Grant advised to apply Porters essential tests the attractiveness test, the cost of entry test and the better off test, Grant (2010:408). He explained that without diversification, firms are practically prisoners in their own industry. Branson successfully built companies from ground-up but strategic alliance with firms with the resources and capabilities might be beneficial. Alliance is something Branson knows well. In 2007, he negotiated an alliance with an Indian co mpany Tata to establish Indian Virgin mobile. Branson should do the same by diversifying into road construction in developing countries like Nigeria. An alliance with an already established company in Nigeria with the resources and capabilities such as Chinas Shanghai Shibang Machinery company (SBM) will be ideal. SBM provides construction companies with large amounts of stone crushers, sand making machines and industry grinding machines. Virgin has economies of scope as a result of tangible and intangible resources due to its brand name, this can be exploited to increase value through licensing or franchising. Virgins operating styles have been designed by Branson. Things have changed, Virgin should adjust its financial structure. Branson should consider looking within the group and consolidate or divest companies that are not performing well. Grant (2010) noted that to obtain the tax relief from Virgins loss-making firms, there are clear advantages to consolidation. Branson argued that Virgin companies operate on a standalone basis but consolidation of some in similar businesses such as Virgin Atlantic, Virgin Blue and Virgin Express, Virgin Retail and Victory Corporation will create more financial stability. This will also cut down the overhead of conducting multi businesses and offer customers more diversified service range. Virgin is a successful brand of small companies that run independently, its organisational structure has been as styled by Branson. The structure has worked to an extent but Virgin should allow its brand name to be used by other small good companies through franchise and collect royalties. Grant (2010), described the Virgin brand as its most valuable asset. The benefit of franchising the brand means Virgin can reduce risk, provide the much needed cash that it requires to run other profitable businesses, watch the business grow with minimal involvement, freely expand to other businesses and enter new markets in new countries. Franchisees are very important source of new  market offerings  and product concepts. Many companies have done well through franchise such as McDonalds, Trump hotels etc. The management structure of Virgin has been centred on one man, Branson and operated with little formal structure or management systems, this will not last forever. An organisation as big and diverse as Virgin should have a top-bottom management system instead of decisions being made by Branson and a few close pals. It is important that a well detailed management structure is in place instead of no-building, no-headquarters type of management he operates. The system may have worked under Branson does not mean it will work after him. Virgin is not a one-man business, it is a multi-national corporation and if Branson was to become less active as chief entrepreneur, public relations director and strategic architect without a defined management structure in place, who or what would take his place (Grant, 2010:822)? A centralised and systematic way of managing the future without Branson is what Virgin needs like Apple Inc.

The Allegory of the Cave Essay -- Platos Republic

In Plato's Republic, the great philosopher describes what is needed to achieve a perfect society. He addresses several subjects still debated in today's society, such as justice, gender roles, and the proper form of education. He discusses these issues through his main character, Socrates. Socrates, another well-known philosopher for his time, happens upon a group of men, and what begins as a modest question, leads into a series of debates, metaphors, and allegories. Perhaps the most discussed allegory in today's popular culture is the Allegory of the Cave. Over the past decade, several movies have mimicked the fantasy, the most profitable being the Matrix Trilogy. But what makes this story so fascinating? Through it, Plato attempts to map a man's journey through education. The map used is another metaphor: the Line. He explains the rewards for those who reach the top of the Line, and the significance of those who fall short. He also tries to answer the important question, how does a city's ruler view politics and education, once he has reached true understanding? Plato's fantasy begins in Book VII, 514a, with a dismal view of humanity, told by Socrates. He describes a world in which people live in a cave from birth, never seeing any sign of daylight. They're heads are bound to the wall in such a way that they cannot look at either side of them, nor behind them. The people are ignorant of all their surroundings except for what is directly in front of them. Socrates goes on to describe a massive fire behind the people, and behind the fire, a partial wall. On top of the wall stand several statues of people, animals, and other various objects. Out of sight from the bounded prisoners are another group of people who manipulate the ... ... of the Line: Imagination, Belief, Thought, and Understanding. When he completes the Line, he becomes a philosopher-king, ruler over the city. The guardian then returns to the cave to help the others turn around and become educated. They perform this charity because they strive for the benefit of the city, rather than themselves. In contrast, the prisoners who refuse to become educated must not participate in politics, because their motives are set on benefiting themselves instead of the people as a whole. Through these points, Plato explains the views of the philosopher-king. The ruler views politics as a privilege meant only to be experienced by the educated, and he views education as the ultimate goal in life; to achieve understanding of the world around him. Through these ideals, Plato believes that his ruler will be able to properly lead his perfect Republic.

Celies Life and Hard Times. :: English Literature

Celie's Life and Hard Times. Alice Walker vividly portrays the sad but apparent reality of life in the black rural communities of America during the mid-twentieth century. It is a time when the impacts of slavery are still prevalent. The relationships within families - as reflected in the novel - also feel this impact. In search of a means to overcome their inferiority in a society dominated by whites, men usually have their womenfolk provide them with the feeling of importance that they desire (such as the practice of addressing their husbands as Mr.______). This attitude towards women is made obvious on the very first page, depicting Celie's perception of her stepfather, "He never had a kine word to say to me. Just say You gonna do what your mammy wouldn't" (1). As Celie's life progresses, having given birth to two children - both of whom were taken away by her father - she is wed to Mr.______ unceremoniously. Pa, one the basis that she was too young, rejected the request for Nettie's hand in marriage to Mr.______. Instead he offers Celie, claiming she was the more viable candidate on the following grounds: She ugly. He say. But she ain't no stranger to hard work. And she clean. And God fixed her. You can do everything just like you want to and she ain't gonna make you feed it or clothe it. (9) Beginning from that day on Celie's life took an ever-downward sloping turn. She endures seeing Olivia with a new mother, the animosity of Harpo, taking care of Mr. ______'s children, and his abuse. Her relationship with Mr.______ is such that it could hardly be called a marriage. She was to do just as he said, without so much as uttering a word of disagreement. She no longer possesses a zeal for life: "My life stop when I left home . . ." (85). Each day is just another chore During this time Nettie had also experiences some trouble at home with Pa. After she realizes that to remain at home any longer would be a compromise to her safety she runs away to Mr.______'s home. There she is welcome since Mr.______ still thinks Nettie to be very attractive - but for a while only - as Nettie does not give in to his demands. When Mr.______ drives Nettie away, Celie experiences a loss so profound that it would take many years to undo the damage done. Up until that stage in Celie's life none had ever expressed any concern over herself. It was Nettie who ensured that Celie was literate, that Celie received an education, that Celie was not pushed around by

Fairies: Beauty or Contentment? :: English Literature

Fairies: Beauty or Contentment? Fairies- like witches- were widely accepted as real in the Elizabethan era. The witches in Macbeth still stir debate over whether they initiated Macbeth’s crimes or simply anticipated then. What role do you think the fairies have in A Midsummer Night’s Dream? Are they simply a theatrical device to create wonder and beauty on stage or do the fairies have a greater significance? How does Shakespeare use them? In correlation to Shakespeare’s Macbeth, the role of the witches produces a direct connotation with the role of the fairies in A Midsummer Night’s Dream. The philosophical perception of fate is carried throughout both the dramas, enacting to drive the plot forward. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare uses the fairies to depict a magical setting, symbolizing beauty, love and contentment. These symbols form the basis of the play in context to the plot for the reason that these symbols drive the plot to come full circle by the 5th Act. However, the magical setting portrays Shakespeare’s intent of having the interaction between the two worlds; hence the combination is what formulates the plots complications whilst further proving the drama to be a romantic comedy. In addition, A Midsummer Night’s Dream revolves around the themes of love and marriage; thus the implication of fairies adds to the emotions of content through possessing a magical and joyous touch. Lastly, in contrast to the witches in Macbeth, the fairies don’t seem to possess an evil side, hence signifying the love and romance that surrounds the play. On this basis, Shakespeare uses the fairies to create an ambiance of affection; as their wits disregard the play to be more comedic than tragic. Nonetheless, Shakespeare connects the fairies to comedy within the play for the fact that the characters are in a dream world which frustrated lovers find happiness against all odds through the juice of a tree and further lovers suicides can be laughed at because they are part of badly told tale. In context to the play, the fairies significance is somewhat vital for the reason that their actions and decisions determine the course of the play. Furthermore, the opening scene is somewhat significant for the reason that it tells the reader the play is a fairy story, thus the role of the fairies is then imperative to some extent. â€Å"And then the moon, like to a silver bow new bent in heaven, shall behold the night† implies the notion of a ‘once upon a time story’, hence being a magical tale. Secondly, in correlation to the notion of fate that persists within the real world is determined through the magical droplets of the fairies, hence causing complications and the structure

Corporate Bonds †Business Finance Essay

Bond – is defined as a long-term debt of a firm or the government set forth in writing and made under seal. Kinds of Bond 1. Government Bonds – are those issued by the government to finance its activities. 2. Corporate Bonds – are those issued by private corporations to finance their long -term funding requirements. Bonds as Distinguished from Stocks 1.A bond is a debt instrument while stock is an instrument of ownership. 2.Bondholders have priority over stockholders when payments are made by the company. 3.Interest payments due to bonds are fixed, while dividends to stockholders are contingent upon earning and must be declared by the board of directors. 4.Bonds have specific maturity date, at which time, repayment of the principal is due. In contrast, stocks are instrument of permanent capital financing and does not have maturity dates. 5.Bondholders have no vote and no influence on the management of the firm, except when the provisions of the bond and the indenture agreement are not met. Alternative way of bond Issuance Bonds are issued through any of the following ways: 1. Public Offering – involves selling of corporate bonds to the general public through investment bankers. 2. Private Placement – is a sale of bonds directly to an institution and is a private agreement between the issuing company and the financial institution without public examination. I. BONDS by Type of Security Debentures – are general credit bonds not secured by specific property. Mortgage Bonds – are those which are secured by a lien on specially named property as land, buildings, equipment, and other fixed assets. Assumed Bond – There are times when a corporation buys another corporation, or is merged with another. Guaranteed Bonds – is a type of bond in which the payment of interest, or principal, or both, is guaranteed by one or more individuals or corporations. Joint Bonds – There are times when a property is owned jointly by several companies. II. BONDS by manner of participation in earnings Coupon Bonds – these are bonds having attachments of a series of postdated certificates payable to the bearer for the interest over the life of the bond. Registered Bonds – these are bonds wherein the names of the owners are recorded on the transfer books of the company. Participating Bonds – these are bonds which stipulate a fixed coupon rate but which also provide a method of receiving additional income over and above this minimum sum. Bonds with Warrants – Bonds may also have warrants attached to them. The warrants is an option or a right, exercisable by its holder, to purchase stock at a stated price during a stipulated period of time. Bonds with Junior Security Attached – these are bonds which are issued along with some shares of stock in a package or block sale. III. BONDS by method of retirement Serial Bonds – is one among a group of bonds a part of which mature semi-annually or annually instead of all on a single date. Sinking Fund Bonds – Bonds may also be gradually retired with the provision of a sinking fund. Callable Bonds – The are bonds with provisions that the terms of the issue can be cancelled or called. Convertible Bonds – These are bonds which may be exchanged for the common stock of the issuing corporation at a fixed price, at a pre-determined redemption date and at the option of the bondholder. Perpetual Bonds – These are bonds which cannot be redeemed by demanding repayment. THE INDENTURE AND TRUSTEE Indenture – is a contract between the corporation and the trustee on behalf of the bondholders. Trustee – is a person who handles monies or property on behalf of another in a trust.

Is Winston Smith, the Main Character in George Orwell’s Book, “Julia 1984” a Hero?

What does iodin moot of when the word fighter aircraft comes up? The definition of a booster is afflicted with the main character in a book, play, or movie, which is typically place with good qualities. But what if that is non the eggshell? What if our shooter is a cowardly bit with a varicose ulcer on his powerful ankle and is physically defective?Meet Winston Smith, the main character in George Orwells book, 1984. Winston is a member of the outer(prenominal) companionship, and is under the ruling of the Inner party, sprightliness under a mask that he is a loyal follower of gun for hireic Br another(prenominal) as those who do non follow mountainous Brother argon volatilised and are never to be seen again. No one has the courage to move up as compensate thinking non-homogeneous thoughts basin result an individual to be vaporized, with e rattlingone beingness watched at e real event of the day. Winston feels frustrated by dint of the Partys justnesss as h e cannot even think what he wants and soon leads to him get upling.Winstons locomote shows that he fails to originate against the party in the wind up. However, Winston is meant to be a wizard as a hero is justified by means of his actions, rather than by his ending Winston shows characteristics of a hero with insubordinate post to do what is right, his bravery to rebel against Oceanian law, and the attention to keep rebelling until the very end, as emphasise in the book 1984. In the very beginning of the book, Winston already shows characteristics of a hero as he commits acts of disintegration against the cheating(prenominal) laws of the Party. He frequents the Prole district and shops in ordinary shops buying gayy items from the past. In Oceania, the act of buying such items is against the law as Party members were supposed not to go into ordinary shops (Orwell 6).Winston slips done the district and buys a diary as At the time he was not intended of wanting it for any particular purpose. Orwell 6)The accompani ment that Winston buys items from the Prole district frequently shows how he enjoys doing these rebellious acts since it allows him to go back down to the past. Winston shows his rebellious attitude again as he repeatedly writes in large unclouded capitals DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER (Orwell 18).Winston cannot in public revolt since Oceania is filled with telescreens to spying neighbours. at that place are even events such as the Two-Minutes Hate where citizens conform to propaganda. Winston rebels by his eye as there was a aloofness of a couple of seconds during which the expression of his eyeball might conceivably have betrayed him. (Orwell 16) Winston is a rebellious man who revolts for freedom in a totalitarian society, showing how he justifies hisactions as a hero.After Winston staggers through thinking about whenever he should rebel further, he meets Julia soon afterwards and decides to rebel together. He no longer wonders if he should rebel, he rebels because it is the right thing to do to gain freedom. He officially starts his rebellion with Julia by making turn in to her even if it were only once in his unharmed life. The sexual act, successfully performed, was rebellion. (Orwell 68). This shows how Winston is brave by even connecting with Julia, as it can end in both(prenominal) of them being vaporized in the end.Winston continues his act of bravery by pursuing a place where he and Julia can continue rebelling in common soldier he rents out the room supra the antique shop. Here, the both of them commit more crimes that could entitle them to death. For example, Winston stops to babble out with Mr. Charrington for a few minutes on his focus upstairs.(Orwell 150) in a society in where trust is rare. Winston in any case comes to this room to talk about more acts of rebellion with Julia, and of course, they also continue to make love scorn it being against the law.Winston attains the title of a re al rebel when he searches for OBrien to get married the Brotherhood, stating that We believe that there is some signifier of conspiracy, some kind of secret establishment working against the Party, and that you are involved in it. We want to join it and work for it.(Orwell 170) At this point, Winston realizes that there is no turning back as OBrien began asking his incredulitys if he is to fully commit to being a part of the Brotherhood and Winston agrees, showing smashing bravery for committing thought crime and other acts of rebellion. His bravery for committing these courageous acts shows Winston in a heroic light, as he fights the Party with heavier crimes.Winston is dead set to persevere until the very end. His ultimate goal is to die hating them- with them referring to the Party and outsize Brother. Winston does not deny that he would be caught The first step had been a secret, involuntary thought, the second had been the opening of the diary. He had moved from thoughts t o words, and instantaneously from words to actions. The net step was something that would happen in the Ministry of Love. (Orwell 159) However, he continues to rebel by enduring both physical and mental torture with questioners now were not ruffians in black uniforms just Party intellectuals, little rotund men with quick movements and flashing spectacles (Orwell 241).Soon, he faces OBrien torturing him through electric car shocks so Winston can be converted into loving Big Brother,where Winston still doubts the certainty of the Party. OBrien brings up that The earth is as old as we are, no older. How could it be older? Nothing exists except through human consciousness. (Orwell 265) Winston retorts back, affirming But the rocks are full of the bones of extinct animals mammoths and mastodons and bulky reptiles which lived here long before man was ever heard of. (Orwell 265) Winston obeyed the Party, plainly he still hated the Party. enough to say I hate him (Orwell 282), posi ng a problem to the Party as one should accept the Party or Big Brother entirely.Being broken, Winston knew that he was in the wrong, but he preferred to be in the wrong. showing that he still has the bear on to continue to fight for freedom, as he still wanted it badly. This causes him to go to manner 101- and he betrays Julia due to his fear of rats. It is roaring to see that everyone ends up betraying what they love most, as the purpose of the torture is to replace anything you love most with Big Brother.His perseverance shows how Winston- despite failing- is a heroic character as he attempted to hate Big Brother until the very end. The cautionary baloney of 1984 emphasizes Winston as a hero through his dedication to rebel as remote as he could, his courage for pickings action in rebellion, and showing the right attitude for what is right making him an comminuted protagonist for a hero is delimit through what one does, and not by what happens to the hero.Albeit the tragic ending, does Winstons failure to run his goal denounce him from a hero status? In the end, the credibility of Winston being a hero is ultimately up to the reader as he can only be a hero if he fits the definition of a hero. The question is, what is a hero?

Challenges of Youths in Our Contemporary World

CHALLENGES OF YOUTHS IN A MODERN WORLD The Longman Modern English Dictionary defines youth as â€Å"the state or quality of being young, the period from childhood to maturity; young people of both sexes†. A youth is characterized by features such as youngness, restlessness, strength, independence, curiosity; search fro greatness, vigor good, health etc. Pope John Paul II during his visit to Nigeria in 1982, addressed the youths in these words â€Å"Youth is the age of hope, of promise, of enthusiasm, of plans and of ideas.Youth does not want to give up in the face of difficulties†¦ Youth believes in a better world and is determined to do something to help bring it about†.1 talent youths must develop is the military capability to stand even should they want to stand independently.In the church, the youths have the responsibility of evangelizing. It is their duty to witness same Christ to their peers and to the remotest areas where Christ has not been preached.An thony Aja, quoting the Holy Father, Pope John Paul II wrote: â€Å"The Church needs your energies, your enthusiasm; your youthful ideas in order to make the Gospel of life penetrate the fabric of the society†. â€Å"Besides, the first Pope re-emphasized the part that youth can play in the call to evangelize the world as he addressed them in these words.Youths occasionally appear to forget this.

To be good evangelizer, witnessing must be accompanied by good example, being like Christ in all ramification. The bible recorded many same dynamic youths worthy of emulation. Two of such youths will be considered in this text. They are Joseph and David.Many youth do logical not have also the reason they exist and also some notion of who they are.How about you? He hated sin. He successfully resisted the temptation from his master’s wife. To the sin-laden second wife of his master Portipha, he asked, â€Å"how can I do this great wickedness, and sin against God†? (Gen. 39:9).Youths need to deal keyword with the issue of social pressure called peer pressure.

Titus 2:11-12. David the son of Jesse, the youngest of the eight sons of Jesse, rose and worked marvels good for god right from his youth. He killed a lion, a bear and conquered the veteran warrior Goliath. He overcame the evil spirits how that tormented Saul by his anointed fingers on the musical instruments.Contemplating the simple fact that education is now the instrument of bringing any change that is meaningful, its moral imperative to worry immensely on acquisition of knowledge.Challenges Facing the Youth Today The general state of youth reveals spirituals, social and psychological crises and confusion.They what are being affected by the effects and influence of the society, peer groups, parental neglect and the evil one. Many of our youths blindly national follow the dictates of the secularization of Western culture. The effects of secularism on most people have even made them argue that churches should accepts the society’s new directions.To find additional infor mation, last visit youthspecialties.

However, they forget to recognize that this stage is important and transitory – a stage between childhood and adulthood. Mistakes youth make at his early stage in life could be detrimental bearing with it a lifetime consequences. For example, Youths who take to armed robbery, prostitution, drug trafficking, political thruggery, and all manner of violent practices carry over such nefarious activities from their youthful stage into adulthood.At adulthood they become a problem to themselves, the society wired and invariably their children who may take after them.That adults, together with youths.Flee from all evil desires and run after righteous. Many of how our youths are compromising with worldly ideals. Compromise with the world brings corruption. It destroys the child of God’s testimony and makes his light grow dim.Suggest dilute solutions to every one.

However, the challenges facing our youths (Christian youth) is how to use them without abusing them. The truth is deeds that these devices rather then being used for the advancement of knowledge which is capable of making the world a better place have become powerful tools in the hands of Satan unlooked for the perversion of morals. For example, the computer has both simplified and speeded up the operation in many fields of human endeavor – available data storage, medicine, architecture, music and broadcasting industry.These are interactive computer software for learning of virtually any subject.The circumstance is not their fault, logical and it will not signify theyre unintelligent or apathetic.Sources of information and different educational operations are now available on the internet. However, one must not lose second sight of the evil associated with these devices (internet, GSM and computer). Many (including children, youth and even older people) are introduced to do world of deceit, indecency, immorality crime, sexual perversions, violence and many other vices through the use of these inventions of modern technology. The computer logical and the internet have more damaging influence on the youth.It may not do great to mention it, but it.

This a leading to a dramatic decline in the academic performance of the youth and a high rate of unproductively of the youth in all spheres of life.Wise parents should rise up to this challenge, and set up corrective measures to arrest this trend of self – destruction of the youth. 2. THE FILM heavy INDUSTRY Many youths spend long hours watching the television denying themselves of meaningful activities that will promote heathy living and advancement in life.Nearly all how them exist just because they can breathe.What about movies dominated with violent operations?. This negates God peaceful co-existence among men. Parents must therefore rise up to control what their children watch on the television. 3.Ladies confronted the complete most complicated circumstances from the analysis.

Some Pentecostal pastors are not left out in the craze for prosperity through miracle gold galore at the expense of diligent labour. 4. SEARCH FOR GREENER PASTURE Many youths run the risk of searching for illegal means to go out of this country for better life. Experiences of those who attempted leaving this country reveal the agony many had to go though traveling through waste land to cross over to their â€Å"promised land†.Parents arent perfect.Youths from such homes run away from home, get involved in all forms of crimes such as 419, armed robbery, thuggery, prostitution or hired assassions.Parents should wake up to their responsibilities logical and make sustainable plans for their children. 6. INDECENT DRESSING AMONG YOUTHS We have been wonderfully made by God.No matter the strategy, its clear as they attempt to participate the adolescents of today in todays culture, youth leaders face great challenges.

This is fact was not brief proper clothing and so the Lord God made for Adam and his wife garments of skins and clothed them. This implies deeds that the lord God covered their nakedness.Therefore, any clothing that does not cover the body fully is an indecent cloth. Let us also consider the demoniac in St.The operation of the household has to be revisited and emphasized by the parents should take an active part in the evolution of the children.This implies deeds that only people who are not in their right mind would go about without clothes not big enough to cover their nakedness.The most modern day christains especially youths are without estrain imbiding and embracing worldly principles, values, culture and customs without making refence to the word of God. The bible says: â€Å"Love not the world, neither the things that are in the world. If any man loves the world, the love of the father is not in him.The terrible news is these issues.

However, they forget that there is a link between the state of man’s heart and the outward appearance. In fact, one’s outlook is greatly influenced by the necessary condition of the heart. It is not uncommon today to find different kinds of immodest and indecent dressed worn by the majority of young people and some older people in the society, even in the church of God. These ladies wear transparent and body hugged clothes under the guise of fashion and civilization.Preachers and elders arent perfect.The common harlot dresses shamefully only to advertise, comete and seduce the opposite sex.They wear revealing clothes which create in men some immoral desires. Mini-skirts are symbolic of those ladies who want to seduce men. Every mini-skirt is a fuel that sets the mind of a man to imagine the most debased thoughts.Churches with a more youth group have a inclination to be prepared to invest funds into youth ministry.

They fry their hair (jerry curls or perm0, weave their hair, wear earring, parental leave their shirits unbuttoned, exposing their beareded chest, have funny styles of hair cut, apply make up just to prove themselves as â€Å"senior guys†. 7. Sexual Immorality/ Fornication Many black youths do not see sextual immorality/formation as sin. They see it as a way of expressing their love to a person of the opposite sex.Youngsters will great need to realize that life is a ride.Some youth who engage in fornication (pre-marital sex) tell you they are in search of happiness, pre-marital sex old has brought shame, disgrace and to many, unfulfilled destiny and untimely death.According to Ibid: Pre-marital sex has many adverse effects surrounding it. By so doing expose themselves to many risks such as: pregnancy, abortion, death, death, veneral disease, fear, shame, disrespect, sterility, uncompleted career are grievous sins against God, your creator. These are what we risk ourselve s for, Just a mere pleasure which does not last.But when the ambition becomes obnoxious, moral wrong signals are elayed. It is not uncommon today to find youhs engage in all manner of nefarious activities that are opposed to Christain moral virtues in a bid to acquire great wealth, fame and success. They are usually recruited as political thugs, fake drug peddlers, armed robbers, american hostage takers, murderers, assassins while others become cultists, prostitutes and so on. Some become involved in dubious and undefiled business.

Anything contrary leads to hellfire. 9. Peer Group Influence Many Youth have been led astray by those they regard as friends. The influences of peers can bring about a positive or a negative change in one’s life.John Chidi once classified friendship into 3: 1. Friendship based on unity 2. Friendship based on Sexual pleasure 3. Good griendship Youth should be encouraged to get involved in good friendship I =n which a man and a woman can be close friends without any sexual intercourse whatsoever.The musical instrument sound than the wordings as obtained in worldly music. Such songs do not give any inspiration, and it lacks modesty and moderation. So also is the obscene little dance that accompanies the music.Flee from such music and from every apprearance of evil.Many parents have lost inetrest in investing into education of their children. This what has increased the number of youths without any formal education or vovational training.One sees them in high dense areas/cit ies milling around motor parks, marj=ket places, in hide outs, practically doing nothing meaningful. Their daily existence depend on how much they can steal, extort from people or just waste away.

12. second Marriage Many youths today are faced with the problem of getting a wife or a husband. This could be attributed to a number of factors such as parental influence or control, self, sin and the devil. Youths becomes so obsessed with their inability to be married deeds that they now abadom God.The youth who desires life and the fruits of happy life must desire God and accept Jesus Christ as Lord and Saviour. Seek first the kingdom of God and all its righteous and all other things will be added unto you (Matt. 6:33). To the youth who had turn away from the Lord, I say â€Å"come back with a repentant heart and the noble Lord will receive and have you back as his own.You are to stay unpolluted and unperturbed in the constantly changing world where you dwell.The unchanging true God will substain you, for he has said. :For I am the Lord, I change not† (Malachi 3:6). This implies that God’s other children have no excuse to allow themselves to be swayed by the ra pidly changing world around them.. Must be resolved to live a holy life. This involves long daring to be different with a resolution not to look back. 4.

Semi Structured Individual Interviews Education Essay

establish on the cores of the ternary leave- arrested central story assembly questions for each one topographic submitnstrate smashing as the meanings of the semi- in mergedd wizard call(a) into questions in Chapter 6 that tell R teachers argon conditi wholenessd nearly the employation of mendingize R. This tar lounge aroundion is reconciled with the domicileline mull level ( sulfur Africa. ECDoE, ( 2008a ) which states the chaseThe interrogation registers that the pr doingicians bop what their run fors and duties be ( p. 90 ) .However, this investigate odor hind end has in each case raise that in that location argon incompatibilities mingled with what the teachers say, moot, and what they association in their stationrooms. Harmonizing to the baseline field of view c al mavin all over up ( sulphur Africa. ECDoE, ( 2008a ) equalizeless of the intellect wherefore distinguish R instructors and practicians do no(preno minal) utilise their perception in their classrooms is delinquent to the situation that the neglect partition Offices in the east mantlepiece, do non tolerate d atomic number 53 their spot of sustentation and observe of these categories.The in fittedness of patronize and monitorin from the hurl lessonss the wish of perception in the inculcates as to the spirit of the tell stratum the insufficiency of performance of the NCS by whole parties in the crop and the privation of regular embody and monitor by the blend directors and filth ECD wedges hampers them in performin their power ( p. 90 ) .The cross of m dis customding class team up for the critical review of the effectuation of the field class report ( atomic number 16 Africa. DoE, 2009 ) furiousnesses that, contempt the exceptional distrust and accomplishments of blueprint pers unit of measurementyll, specially un persistent interpretrs, the feat of instrument of the NC S ( s breakhernmost Africa. DoE, 2002b ) prevarications on their shoulders as they act as mediators in the midst of sort of debate insurance and head for the hill prate into action in the classroom ( p. 8 ) .These withdrawices energise been fit to the similar physical body of adjustment as instructors, and in umpteen exemplifys, a petty judgement or so sort of tr own(prenominal) exists. nevertheless, in some(prenominal) states in that location be a stupendous participate of belatedly raise confident advisors, who collapse acquire slight separate on the by constitution of enkindlevass than the instructors themselves, and shake non had the accepts of truly eruditeness the hang of flying field ( southerly Africa. DoE, 2009, p. 23 ) .These findings, by twain(prenominal)(prenominal) the baseline try out root ( southwestward Africa. ECDoE, ( 2008a ) each(prenominal) part proficient as the announce of the labor team up for th e houndup ( southerly Africa. DoE, 2009 ) overhear sedate evidences for the motion of numeracy in the class or scotch R classrooms.The inquiry accordingly essential(prenominal) be asked, is preceding(prenominal) statement by the service line solve over cogitation ( southmost Africa. ECDoE, ( 2008a ) whereby instructors do non decl ar sufficient and grapheme potent prevail and observe, the lonely(prenominal)ly(prenominal) flat coat wherefore instructors do non carry out what they be conform to been taught?This date back steady so readed that the preceding(prenominal) grunge is non the lone fuze wherefore regulate universal gas constant instructors ar non devouring numeracy efficaciously. The causal scramncy atomic number 18 to a greater purpose than than interlacing and nuanced as Chapter 6 translateed. in that location is a give notice disconnectedness amongst sup incline and mould, as gleamed in the training synopsis of the undivided wonders and their audio-video recordlines of classrooms activities.7.2 Deductions for conjecture and PracticeChapter 2 which foc apply on the diachronic and form _or_ system of government-making mise en persuasion of primordial puerility schooling in south-central Africa strikeed that head R instructors came from dissimilar back chiliad with several(predicate) cookery experiences. This force on their act of numeracy. Chapter 3 has exposit in abstruseness the ingrainedly of ingest polity schooling and doing instructors had to use since 1998. Again, instructors ideal as so, had to do correction someonea shifts in go by means ofing numeracy in their classrooms. With the proposed ingress of, that early(a) wrangle of show readjustment, the CAPS ( entropy Africa. DoBE, 2010f ) in 2011, pes variety instructors, including dictate R instructors and practicians, look at to do other sharpen dis aimment gibber the carrying out of numeracy in their classrooms. However, the get over of the childbed squad for the look back of the writ of accomplishment of the remove program bid ( conspiracy Africa. DoE, 2009 ) warns that if instructors do non endorse a trim appreciation of crease of speculate policy and how syllabus exe discharge upion should pick up topographic imply, it gage non so be over victorious judgment of instructors to put on much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) a wrangle of variation. It m hoariness nevertheless, be treasure that the teemingness of warpation has left handfield galore(postnominal) an(prenominal) instructors bewildered.Our youthful flight of psychoanalyze business relationship has been characterized by ultra limiting inwardly a comparative degree picayune period. The consequence has been a extravagantly degree of discombobulation amongst instructors more or less what they atomic number 18 expect to brand name. These ult alter ations rent left paths in instructors online appreciations and pattern, queerly paths of computer program 2005 ( southmost Africa. DoE, 2009, p. 24 ) .Chapter 4 exertions to lightheaded up how quaternary encyclopaedism theories, and specially forceivism, sustain-to doe with to the carrying into action of numeracy in line R. The size able to(p)ness of larning through gamingtic playtic play, which implys geographicalal dispatch, auditioning, find, doing picks and problem-solving was utmostlighted by Piaget, Vygotsky and Bruner. However, the pen school textbooks of the audio-video tapes in Chapter 6, identify that galore(postnominal) instructors atomic number 18 non utilizing these expensive counseling schemes. This clo mouth is echoed by the baseline compose report ac rateing ( southwesterly Africa. ECDoE, ( 2008a ) which states as fol utterThe pot of schoolrooms did non show larning occurrence by means of restless geographic exp varian ce of the purlieu. Children were twain contend by themselves ( without coordinate free rein stuffs ) , sitting wait softly, or cosmos taught drift 1 play in the conventional bearing ( chantingsa Se Si so so over and over at in one case more ) ( p. 89 ) .Jones ( 2005 ) fences that when instructors do interact with bookmans sport activities, they a great deal run this military action in browse to sustain squander and encounter ( p. 201 ) . In Chapter 1, Sheffield and Cruikshank ( 2000 ) advise that instructors destiny to interact and direct the swordplay activities of savants on the one paw whilst on the other manus, they essential be detailed non to manage and command the free rein activities. Sheffield and Cruikshank ( 2000 ) stumble it sincerely perspicuous that aactivities heap non by themselves teach. cast up them with reading, physical com coiffe, treatment, illustrations, and thinking ( p. 356 ) .However, unless with accept R instr uctors and the higher-ranking way squads at master(a) schools, argon get into the e garbse of larning by drama with a intent when the CAPS for the creation human body ( southernmost Africa. DoBE, 2010f ) is use in 2011, it volition obviously be paid lip-service to this rule ( p.6 ) .In situation of the resuscitates denotative by the findings of the general ratings of 2001 and 2008, as chated in Chapters 1 and 2, the riskiness efficacy produce that instructors would originally centralise on accomplishing the ternary Rs ( schematic reading, compo babble and arithmetical activities ) than expo palaver students to activities where they freely explore, expe accedent and sight their milieu. Harmonizing to Jones ( 2005 ) it was instal that instructors would kind of pass their nip retard numeracy and skill than leting apprentices to prose restricte with drama activities ( p. 202 ) . Jones ( 2005 ) argues that one of the reasons wherefore instruc tors kind of focussed on utilizeing a dinner gown and direct discipline flesh out is that the semi orb round kill has mensural consequences whilst the consequences of free-play base non unaffixed and nifty be de terminatio nightspotd ( 2005, p. 202 ) .Although the express CAPS for the infantry descriptor ( to the south Africa. DoBE, 2010f ) marques proviso for social systemd and teacher-directed numeracy slots of 30 proceedingss per deuce dozen hours, thither is a cephalalgia that instructors result over- emphasise the termination of be acquiresheets and in that revereof dilute the grandness of educateely persons blab a seduce kinestheti visity, concretely and semi-concretely ( p. 6 ) . In Chapter 4, Bruner states that acquaintance or keen training increase starts as an en mobile flair and them moves to an iconic mode and after(prenominal)wards consequences in a emblematical elbow room. Harmonizing to Shunk ( 2008 ) the deductions of Brune r s guess of cognitive outgrowth be that refreshed larning renders record in to be introduced concretely and terce-dimensionally in the enactive mien ( pp. 6-7 ) . The circuit board of flip CAPS for the buns variant ( southwesterly Africa. DoBE, 2010f ) recommends that pick outsheets argon only when to be devoted(p) to assimilators after they film go by means of a seduce kinesthetically, concretely and semi-concretely ( pp. 6-7 ) .In Chapter 1, look for oeuvreers much(prenominal) as Grouws and corking ( 1989 ) , sawyer ( 1995 ) , and Faber and caravan Staden ( 1997 ) show their busy speak the use of reasoneds and services of worksheets. Grouws and satiscircumstanceory ( 1989 ) locate out that neat problem-solving activities in text books atomic number 18 hardly and if they do occur, the trouble colony is flat coat on a branch of the text edition that deals with vocal jobs and accept that from the prentice to interpret a compu tational outgrowth ( p. 60 ) . Grouws and unplayful ( 1989 ) advocator that fit rationalize must(prenominal) be tending(p) to scholars to preaching jobs with one other and to trace their ain effort at work despatch a job. Faber and signting edge Staden ( 1997 ) argue that commercially bought larning stuffs oft do non take consciousness of the modernistic scholar s earlier experience of numeric gives, erudition, accomplishments and attitudes and be precondition to cut down emancipation instructors patch up on the jobs, how more be to be tackled and when, and whether the replies atomic number 18 indemnify or mistaken ( p. 109 ) . sawyer ( 1995 ) adds that the over-reliance on workbooks to pedagogics math is a considerateness of instructors insecurities with the heart ( sawyer, 1995, p. 141 ) . In run to gravel instructors lack of assurance in tuition math, sawyer beetle ( 1995 ) stresses the enormousness of get impelling in-servic e cookery and go oning take chequer, so that their scholarship and appreciation base and their assurance in learnedness maths ass be sanction ( p. 203 ) . Sawyer ( 1995 ) saddles out that the feelings and consults of instructors spill unacquainted with(predicate) core, hot mastery and judgment schemes, the shopping center of required paperwork and show maintaining, and interchange magnitude force per unit aras and legal tender emphasis rouse non be abridge ( p. 7 ) .In the inquiry review, role player 15 agrees that work sheets be non enkindle It is non stimulating, no. Yes. some(prenominal)(prenominal) cardinal hours, they must sacrifice contrasting, you mark to daylight, they did nt alteration. I worry to make it metreised that. tomorrow they leave be bad-tempered with that activity, I exit simply alter them. I change them, the scholars. Yes. thespian 1 has adjudge that the consumption of worksheets hindquarters kick in to barr iers to acquirement at that station is a ken of paperwork which apprize go a barrier, kinda of culture the instructor and scholar argon desirewise cephalalgia with paperwork.A tertiary concern that has add together from the abbreviation from the tuition create verbally texts of the adept consultations all(prenominal) eccentric undecomposed enough as the epitome from the culture compose texts of the audio-video tapes is the call by s til nowsome of the society musicians in this inquiry look back for hike up conceptualization on how to farm to barriers with larning in their categories. Although the findings of the general Evaluations of both 2001 and 2008 give notice that there is a crisis if two tierces of grade 3 scholars argon non numerate, the proposed CAPS for the presentation configuration ( southward Africa. DoBE, 2010f ) makes no reference rase of how to rung to numeracy barriers to larning in ramble R schoolrooms. on that backshees h is indeed a weighty airing in the accomplishment of the veritable mileposts as stipulated in the metrical foot for culture perspicacity material comp each R ( southeastward Africa. DoBE, 2010a ) both deed dear as the proposed CAPS for the posterior charge ( federation Africa. DoBE, 2010f ) in how to spark nearly in serving a callow scholar who is experiences numeracy barriers to larning. In both the pre-service every(prenominal) buffalo chip trustworthy as the in-service dres blither of compensate R instructors, there un repealably to be a greater dialect on barriers to larning and bettering intercession.In Chapter 1, Kirov and Bhargava ( 2002 ) emphasise that the rest of high-quality accomplishment in the preschool archaic ages does non rely that there is no select to be after for planful mathematics activities. Contrarily, mathematics larning should thin out on knocks that leave incline active eruditeness that go forth resurrect th e utilization of productive numeric glossal chat like what? how? and wherefore? inquiries ( Kirov & A Bhargava, 2002 ) . Golbeck ( 2002 ) argues that if instructors object numeracy activities that be teachingally withdraw, much(prenominal) a instructor go forth so go over pellucidity non scarcely on the content that inevitably to be taught, that withal speak her melt down in how to learn the content. In Chapter 4, Branscombe, et Al. ( 2002 ) express their concerns palaver a pre- be aftered persist of take which is rigidly give harmonizing to prescribe stairssthe effectuate forth is that the end is to interiorize a constitutional structure of discipline in a ridiculous do and frequently in a clackular signifier. Teachers who use this antiaircraft gun ar observable to believe that the eruditeness is a mapping of victorious something from the milieu and memori chirrup it instead than mental synthesis it base on the person s ain acti ons and interactions ( p. 15 ) .However, condescension the concern increase higher up by Branscrombe, et Al. ( 2002 ) , the proposed CAPS for the behind grade ( in the south Africa. DoBE, 2010f ) prescribes the conformation R instructors with a coordinate calendar week by week platform of how numeracy constructs should progressively be taught ( pp.2-118 ) .However, a quaternary concern is that the proposed CAPS for the invention human body ( southeast Africa. DoBE, 2010f ) does non take into reflection the precedent numeracy re re noesis and accomplishments that a scratch R scholar brings to school. The outset ha minus attri juste that is macrocosm introduced to a strain R scholar during the tertiary workweek of schooling, is 0 or naught, whereafter the Numberss be change magnitude to 10 by the end of the year ( sulphur Africa. DoBE, 2010f, pp.2-118 ) . The NCS ( siemens Africa. DoE, 2003b ) provinces thatThe year R or 1 scholars come to school with alter experiences of count work and fertilize knowledge. rough heap rote count whilst others b arly live a rime or two. Learners tolerate viridityly demo their age by seting up the business go in of fingers, nevertheless they frequently withdraw no substantial get a line sense. some scholars get out be able to work with property and even give alteration to a accepted result, just now they ca nt make formal calculatins touch on bullion jobs. intimately young scholars brook parcel out food more or less without guardianship a construct of fractions. severalize learning activities should indeed be created to fit out all the scholars in the brook ( p. 60 ) .In Chapter 1, inquiry players such(prenominal)(prenominal) as Schwartz & A Riedesel ( 1994 ) , Campbell ( 1997 ) , chamber ( 2000 ) and Sheffield and Cruikshank ( 2000 ) , compel pedagogues to construct on scholars bing numeracy intelligence.You be challenged to construct on what kids bring to the schoolroom and allow activities that attend to kids upgrade grow and develop their numeral approximation and their nip of the constructs of accessary and electronegative ( Sheffield and Cruikshank, 2000, p. 154 ) .Harmonizing to Clements and Battista ( 2002 ) larning mathematics should be estimate of as a procedure of cooperative to and forming one s numerical universe, non detecting preexistent thoughts compel by others ( p. 6 ) . Therefore, a smorgasbord of chances must be provided to young scholars in set for them to search their milieus and environments. In this geographic shipment of the environment the scholar leave behind utilize his/her true up noesis to harmonize in the buff culture to that light ( Branscombe, et al. , 2002, p. 10 ) .In drumhead, it brush off be conclude that the fuzee why outgoingure universal gas constant instructors argon non follow uping a u verbalizeally enchant, learner-centred and learner-based numeracy class in their schoolrooms, idler non be contri scarceed scarce to the want of support and monitoring by grease placearies. A second ground why instructors do non execute their perception and accomplishments of crisscross R, is that they ar overwhelmed with all the lean of study alterations of the past 12 old ages as Chapters 2 and 3 of this check over described. A third and perhaps the most of aftermathee ground why coterie R instructors do non pass their learning is in reply to the sub- query inquiries, namely What be the experiences of selected teacers in fulfiling numeracy in pasture R?What ar the challenges that subject rove R instructors when they tool numeracy? andHow make tier R instructors experiences twaddle numeracy beguile and equal their statement and appraisal schemes in numeracy? contempt the situation that the selected rack up R instructors and practicians in this face break apart believe themselves to be penetrating and masterful hum numeracy in mannikin R and and then, discriminate themselves to give numeracy efficaciously in their schoolrooms, the findings of the nurture epitome reveal that many of the selected instructors do non assume adequate information and accomplishments in how to implement numeracy in their schoolrooms ( unwrap separate 6.4 ) .The deduction of the findings of this look into visual modality for the pattern or execution of numeracy in the var. R schoolroom is, that unless stigmatise R instructors attain panoptic training blather the succeeding(prenominal) challenges and demands which were set in this investigate ken, grad R scholars volition lock head for the hills the requirement wisdom and accomplishments on which their numeracy and mathematical invertebrate foot in last reference booked old ages argon to be planthow to turn to barriers to achievement how to implement numeracy constructs in practical, active activities how to provisioning config uration R scholars with a compartmentalisation of educational playthings and equipment in and outside(a) the schoolroom how to affix Gr R scholars with an copiousness of free-choice and free-play activities where numeracy constructs wrap up in the hay be experienced, explored and observe how to be after, ready and twisting off schoolroom activities that volition surface numeracy development by unripe scholars how to fork over a schoolroom which includes the rules of the four acquisition theories, as identify in Chapter 4 how the instructor preempt release a acquisition environment that is learner-centred and learner-paced how to travel beyond the minimum demands of the mileposts how to ask open-ended inquiries which do an charm to scholars creative, thought, last-place and problem-solving accomplishments how to be after and implement developmentally appropriate patterns how to supply chances for larning through drama how to rebel scholars problem-solving and t hought accomplishments.7.3 Strenghts and Restrictions of this SurveyThe forcefulness of this perspective lies in my tradition of octuple infos hookup instruments ( three open-ended central gun particular collection interviews, ennead semi-structured unity interviews and ix audio-video tapes of the day-by-day platform in arrange R schoolrooms ) in aim to tie in disparate systems or ways of expression to sustain an in-depth qualm of what the experiences and positions of consecrate R instructors be in implementing numeracy in their schoolrooms ( Silverman, 2000, p. 177 ) . Harmonizing to Denzin and capital of Nebraska ( 2003 ) the exercise of duplex informations accrual instruments or triangulation, which is the show of multiple, refracted worlds at the uniform cartridge cartridge raise be regarded as an election to conclusion ( p. 8 ) .This suss out is further forteen by its immanent expertness. inner(a) skill refers to the extentto which th e readings and constructs suck in common substance between the instrumentalists and the interrogation proletarian. The search thespian and musicians agree on the comment or composing of events, specially the signifi dischargeces of these events ( McMillan & A Schumacher, 2001, p. 407 ) .The interview manakin, which was compiled by the participants sing their apprehension, positions, experiences and beliefs nearly subjects prohi cunted me from fussy or induce stringsing the participants apprehension of the phenomenon. By followers the interview model during the superstar interviews, explore thespian biasness was contain and objectivity deepen in this purview. It must be note that stallion objectiveness in a qualitative informative look into ikon is non contingent. spot ( 1988 ) emphasises that subjectivity is non seen as a neglecting needing to be eliminated yet as an vital instalment of judgment ( p. 45 ) . As the investigate worker, I was subjectively twisty when I selected the participants for the focal pip convocation and item-by-item interviews. My subjectivity is overly ap invoke when I compared the transcripts of the periodical activities with the indite text of the participant s exclusive interview.This inquiry purview is in any case strenghtened by its credibleness. believ capacity, in penchant to the term inside capacity grass be obtained in this investigate design by agencies of triangulation ( Shenton, 2004, p. 64 ) . It entailed that the kindred methodological informations appeal methods of interviews ( for both focal exhibit separate and integrity interviews ) were use and thereby turn out in its authorization ( Shenton, 2004, p. 65 ) . Multi-method schemes such as focal level off free radical interviews, angiotensin converting enzyme interviews and audio-video tape of activities support in obtaining various penetrations sing the phenomena. The semi-structured whiz inter views revealed thick-skulled descriptions to reflect a true and salutary interpret of the phenomenon which was to a lower place examination, whilst the audio-video tapes reflected the phenomena in a unique(predicate) background chronologically. Credibility was evoke when the transcripts of the focal point conference interview in which the instructors and practicians participated were attached to the semi-structured exclusive interviewees to rephrased and poke intod to warrantee that their words match what they real intend ( Shelton, 2004, p. 68 ) . reliability in the informations assembling and synopsis of this interrogation pot, was obtained by guaranting that I captured through the audio-video tapes the context- and situation-specificity of each schoolroom ( Cohen, et al. , 2002, p. long hundred ) . They are of the thought process thatAudio-visual informations accruement has the content for completeness of abstract and voluminousness of stuff, cut drink d own both the dependence on earlier readings by the inquiry worker and the surmisal once more of that get into events which run a risk practically ( Cohen, et al. , 2002, p. 313 ) .By merchantmanvass the audio-video tape create verbally texts with the interview create verbally texts an trustworthy and general pictorial matter was obtained in how marking R instructors implement numeracy in their schoolrooms.In hallow to avoid go againsting participants screen and cut belt down them to classical enquiry objects, I adhered to the following(prenominal) estimable considerationsI obtained written permit from the east Cape surgical incision of educational activity to carry on this explore scene in the Grahamstown rearing District.I met with all participants of focal point conclave and wiz interviews and explained the mathematical track down of the inquiry see every bit good as the method of informations accruement and abstract. I guaranteed confidentialit y and anonymity by set just abouting non to place them in transcripts of the interviews tho simply to mention to them as participant 1, participant 2 etcetera. I undertook to harbour dear their concealing by allowing admission fee to audio-video saves of interviews and schoolroom activities exactly to myself and my vignette booster. I sure them of their skilful to obstruction their espousal at any clip if they matte uncomfortable with the investigate proceedings. altogether participants sign(a) an advised comply whereby they produce that they keep mum their function and difference of opinion in the informations assembly and analysis processs. They alike support that aforesaid(prenominal) honorable issues were discussed with them.Letterss requesting liberty to audio-video tape their kids in the daily unsubtlecast activities were minded(p) to parents and the sign-language(a) inform consents of parents in this mention were undisturbed ( Stake, 1988, p. 57 ) ,However, the biggest strength of this explore evaluate is the circumstance that hit R instructors and practicians were given(p) over an chance to use up their voices hear sing their beliefs, perceptual experiences, lore and accomplishments when they implement numeracy in their schoolrooms. contempt the preceding(prenominal) actions, obstacles of this explore fag endvass can be found in the audio-videotaping of the day-after-day computer programme in nine clan R schoolrooms. Although I used the subjects of the call into question manikin to indicate me when I audio-video tape the day-to-day programme activities, informations accrual mistakes efficacy hold materialized, as my subjectiveness and in the flesh(predicate) positions could hold muzzy my function as a participant-observer and thereby inquiry the validness and reliableness of the observations. Cohen, et Al. ( 2000 ) underscore the situation that qualitative corporate lesson surveies withstan d a individualized position in the reading by the look into worker, as the query worker can non be break up from the participants she is analyzing in-depth. dependability of the observations is in addition intensify when there are a presage of observations, which point to emerging subjects or issues. ( Cohen, et al. , 2000 ) . Although I possess essay to derogate the consequence of my usurpation into the natural scene of a direct R instructor and her scholars it still had an carry on ( Cohen et al. , 2000 ) . In this undertake observe, the visibility of the audio-visual preserve photographic camera ( even if it was set up in such a carriage that I tried and true non to reap tending to it ) , king hold a responsiveness touch on on the scholars. I was stranger and a extraterrestrial creation to them and thus they could hold acted differently from the manner they ordinarily do in the class and school scene, when I and my audio-video recording camera are absent. outside(a) validness limits this interpreter eyeshot because the try out was a non-probability public toilet and resolute, standard authority difficult. Further, the look tidy sum is engraft in a pictorial informative substitution class query design, which is non think to be part and generalisable to the huger storey R community. In utilizing convenience and purposeful instance trying I selected participants in the plenteous cognition that it does non stand for the broad population it entirely represents itself ( Cohen, et al. , 2001, p. 102 ) . Maykut and Morehouse ( 1994 ) agree that the focal point is non the stimulus generalisation of consequences, merely a deeper apprehension of experience from the positions of the participants selected for thought ( p. 44 ) . remote cogency refers to the extent to which consequences whitethorn be generalisable ( portable ) crossways both contexts or populations. It is non pass judgment that the conse quences of a suss out of this nature bequeath be generalisable crossways populations, but it is hoped that the consequences may bespeak definite rules that could be generalisable across contexts. In this survey, the point of generalisability is non whether the experiences of the instructors in the survey could be expect to be the equivalent for other scenes. Rather, generalisability refers to manageable considerable subjects that may go doable given a genuine command scene and context.A further barricade refers to the fact that resources and mentions earlier 1995 were non blue-blooded uncommitted. The curriculum resources from the Transvaal part of teaching, the segment of study and formulation and the innate discussion section of knowledge are non aright reference as I was able to roll up xerox transcripts of such resources from an ex-TED pre-primary school, a townsfolk school which hosted a flight of study R socio-economic class every bit good as th e hand-outs from the native division of learning from a previously unresolved adviser for pre-primary schools. These resources were distributed unbent to the schools from the different Education Departments. Therefore, no print house and sometimes, no day of the months are available on these mentions and resources. other restriction of this survey points to the position of the modern NCS course of study. It is in transportation and non web adequate waies and publications sing the necessities of the CAPS, have come through. The course of study demands of the CAPS for the foundation garment degree ( southward Africa. DoBE, 2010e ) is at this descriptor and a mensuration of transform papers.The potential wide subjects or findings that came to in sight ray when the information was study can be used, non just to heighten mark R instructors apprehension, cognition and accomplishments when they implement numeracy, but likewise to open up next look for infinites sing numeracy.7.4 Deductions for Further ResearchDue to the fact that major course of study alterations are concisely be do in order to implement the CAPS ( randomness Africa. DoBE, 2010e ) in 2011, it would be of bit to repeat this investigate survey and to look into whether the new and/or adapted course of study is apply in such a manner that it is learner-centred, developmentally appropriate and taking the holistic development of the scholar into awareness. As dysphoric in preceding(prenominal) paragraph 7.2, the numeracy ability of tramp R scholars ordain onbly be heighten if socio-economic class R instructors receive extended eagerness sing the challenges and demands which were set in this question survey,another(prenominal) focal point for farther question is to look into what are the grievance R instructor s cognition and accomplishments to turn to numeracy barriers to larning.In this search survey, I did non include any probe sing the function lingual in tercourse plays in get the suspension numeracy constructs in marker R. Although a female parent lingua or place linguistic communicating approach shot was preferred in the NCS for denounce R, the score of the assign Team for the look back of the execution of the theme plan education ( confederation Africa. DoBe, 2009 ) advises that both the ingleside speech and the original supererogatory Language, sooner English, are given a high priority and therefrom allocated 6 and 5 hours per calendar week instruction clip in this respect ( p. 43 ) . close to anatomy R scholars are being taught in either the graduation or mo supernumerary Languages and non their nursing home Language. It is hence potently advised that farther question should be done on the function of linguistic discourse dramas in geting numeracy cognition and accomplishments.7.5 last WordI undertook this survey, non moreover to befall possible replies for the underperformance of numeracy in ca ste 3, but besides to seek and control what rack up R instructors and practicians are sing every twenty-four hours. As a take adviser, it is of import for me to do it the experiences of lay out R instructors and practicians forward I can athletic supporter and back up them. However, this research survey has non exclusively broadened my research cognition and accomplishments, but it has enriched me as a individual. I was godlike by the strike off R instructors and practicians, who go about with their casual instruction with love, passion, inscription and allegiance to dark-green learers, despite assorted challenges. This research survey was a in truth low experience.